Kemahiran Bahasa dan Penerapannya (Tugas Softskill)

Kemahiran Bahasa dan Penerapannya 

Teori Kemahiran Bahasa

Lima hipotesa berikut ini merangkum teori yang masih berlaku pada kemahiran bahasa. (Untuk teknik pembahasan dan bukti pendukung, lihat Krashen 1994, 2004.)

Hipotesa Kemahiran Pembelajaran

Kita memiliki dua cara yang berbeda mengembangkan kemampuan dalam bahasa yang lain. Kita dapat memperoleh bahasa dan kita dapat mempelajarinya.

Kemahiran Bahasa terjadi secara tidak sadar. Ketika hal itu terjadi, kita tidak menyadari apa yang sedang terjadi. Kita berfikir kita sedang melakukan percakapan, membaca buku, menonton film. Tentu saja, kita, tetapi pada waktu yang sama, kita mungkin saja memperoleh bahasa.

Juga, sekali kita memperoleh sesuatu, kita biasanya tidak sadar bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi; pengetahuan yang disimpan di dalam otak kita secara sadar.

Penelitian secara kuat mendukung pandangan bahwa kedua anak-anak dan orang dewasa dapat secara tidak sadar memperoleh bahasa. Juga, kedua bahasa lisan dan tertulis dapat diperoleh.

Kemahiran terkadang dirujuk sebagai “mengambil” bahasa. Ketika seseorang mengatakan, “Saya sedang berada di Perancis untuk sementara waktu, dan Saya mengambil beberapa bahasa Perancis.” Itu berarti dia memperoleh bahasa.

Mempelajari bahasa adalah proses sadar: ketika kita belajar, kita tau kita sedang belajar dan kita mencoba untuk belajar. Mempelajari bahasa adalah apa yang kita lakukan di sekolah; dalam bahasa sehari-hari, ketika kita membicarakan tentang “peraturan” dan “Tata Bahasa,” kita sedang berbicara tentang “mempelajari”.

Perbaikan yang salah seharusnya dapat membantu pembelajaran. Ketika kita berbuat kesalahan dan diperbaiki, kita seharusnya merubah versi aturan alam sadar kita. Jika seorang pembelajar berkata, “I comes to school every day,” dan seorang guru menjawab dengan, “No, it’s ‘I come to school’,” Pembelajar seharusnya menyadari bahwa –s tidak tepat dengan bentuk kata kerja orang pertama tunggal.

Hipotesa Tatanan Alam

Kita memperoleh (bukan mempelajari) bagian-bagian sebuah bahasa dalam tatanan yang dapat di tebak. Beberapa unsur tata bahasa, sebagai contoh, yang diperoleh lebih awal ketika yang lainnya diperoleh.

Analysis of Phrasal Verb on The Bone's Setter

The Analysis on the Translation of The Bone’s Setter Using Google Machine

The Analysis on the Translation of The Bone's Setter Using Google Machine from Yuniverse

Brush Your Teeth, Help Save Your Heart?

Researchers found that as people’s gum health improved, the buildup of plaque in their arteries slowed. This narrowing of the arteries, called atherosclerosis, is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke and death.

The study included 420 adults who underwent tests to assess their gum health and plaque buildup in their neck (carotid) arteries. Over a follow-up of roughly three years, improvements in gum health and a reduction in the proportion of bacteria linked with gum infection (periodontal disease) was associated with a slower rate of plaque accumulation in the neck arteries.

The findings were published online Oct. 28 in the Journal of the American Heart Association.

“These results are important because atherosclerosis progressed in parallel with both clinical periodontal disease and the bacterial profiles in the gums,” study lead author Dr. Moise Desvarieux, an associate professor of epidemiology at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, said in a university news release. “This is the most direct evidence yet that modifying the periodontal bacterial profile could play a role in preventing or slowing both diseases.”

Gum disease-related bacteria may contribute to atherosclerosis in a number of ways. For example, animal studies suggest that these bacteria may trigger inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.

“It is critical that we continue to follow these patients to see if the relationship between periodontal infections and atherosclerosis carries over to clinical events like heart attack and stroke, and test if modifying the periodontal flora will slow the progression of atherosclerosis,” Desvarieux said.

Regular visits to your dentist and daily dental care can reduce your risk of gum disease.

                                  

The Analysis:

1.      Researchers found that as people’s gum health improved, the buildup of plaque in their arteries slowed.

The sentence above included into Simple Past Tense base on its pattern: Subject + Verb 2 + Object. Researcher as a subject, found as a verb 2, and ...that as people’s gum health improved,... as an object. Simple Past Tense explains about something (event) that happened in the past.

2.      The findings were published online Oct. 28 in the Journal of the American Heart Association.

The sentence above included into Passive Voice. The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" (were) with the past participle of the main verb (published).

                                                 

3.      “It is critical that we continue to follow these patients to see if the relationship between periodontal infections and atherosclerosis carries over to clinical events like heart attack and stroke, and test if modifying the periodontal flora will slow the progression of atherosclerosis,” Desvarieux said.

The sentence above included into Direct Speech because it reports what someone says by repeating the exact words. In here, Desvarieux says something in quotation mark (“...”). It can also called Quoted Speech.

Source of article: http://news.health.com/2013/11/04/brush-your-teeth-help-save-your-heart/

Table For Change in Tense of Reported Speech For All Tenses

     TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
     Present simple tense into Past simple
     Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
     Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect
     Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
     Past simple into Past Perfect
     Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
     Past Perfect into Past Perfect
     Future simple, will into would
     Future Continuous, will be into would be
     Future Perfect, will have into would have

Examples.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” He said, “he does not like computer”	He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country He said that he did not like computer.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS
He said, “he is listening to the music” She said, “I am washing my clothes” They said, “we are enjoying the weather” I said, “it is raining” She said, “I am not laughing”	He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were not enjoying the weather. She said that she was not laughing.
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
She said, “he has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “she have eaten the meal” They said, “we have not gone to New York.	She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock” She said, “It has been raining for three days.” I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”	He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock. She said that it been raining for three days. I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.
PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT
He said to me, “you answered correctly” John said, “they went to cinema” He said, “I made a table” She said, “I didn’t buy a car”	He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said that they had gone to cinema. He said that he had made a table. She said that she had not bought a car.
PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
They said, “we were enjoying the weather” He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” I said, “It was raining” She said, “I was not laughing”	They said that they had been enjoying. He said to me that he had been waiting for me. I said that it had been raining. She said that she not been laughing.
PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)
She said, “She had visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “she had eaten the meal” They said, “we had not gone to New York.	She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said they had not gone to New York.
FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE WILL changes into WOULD
He said, “I will study the book” She said, “I will buy a computer” They said to me, “we will send you gifts” I said, “I will not take the exam”	He said that he would study the book. She said that she would buy a computer. They said to me that they would send you gifts. I said that I would not take the exam.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE WILL BE changes into WOULD BE
I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” She said,” I will be shifting to new home” He said, “I will be working hard” He said, “he will not be flying kite”	I said to him that I would be waiting for him. She said that she would be shifting to a new home. He said that he would be working hard. She said that he would not be flying kites.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE
He said, “I will have finished the work” She said, “they will have passed the examination” He said, “I will have gone”	He said that he would have finished the work. She said that they would have passed the examination. He said that he would have gone.

Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense.
Examples.
       Direct speech: He said, “Mathematics is a science”
       Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
       Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”
       Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east. (Tense didn’t change because reported speech is a universal truth thought its reporting verb belongs to past tense).

Source:  http://www.studyandexam.com/indirect-speech-for-tense.html

Five Cool Reasons to Visit Oregon’s Washington County This Fall

Cool temperatures, golden colors of autumn and spectacular events are just three reasons to visit Oregon’s Washington County this fall. The season brings a cornucopia of places to see and things to do. We’ve collected some of the best reasons why you should plan a trip here in the coming months. 


 1. It’s Harvest Season
Autumn marks the height of the agricultural season, which not only means a bounty of autumn fruits and vegetables at the farmers’ markets, it also means that the season is heating up with fun, family farm events. Love apples? Three apple festivals this fall celebrate the diversity and deliciousness of Oregon-grown apples. In October, Pick a pumpkin, try a game of pumpkin bowling, take a hay ride and get lost in a corn maze, as pumpkin patches are open for the season.


2. The Colors Are Changing
On a cool, autumn day, the rural, agricultural and forested scenery of Oregon’s Washington County comes alive with bright red, orange and yellow leaves — a stark contrast to the deep, dark green of the fir trees that share these landscapes. We can’t think of a better way to enjoy the change of seasons that with a drive along the 60-mileVineyard and Valley Scenic Tour Route, or a cycle along the 50-mileTualatin Valley Scenic Bike way.

3. Bird Migration Season Is in High Season
September and October are busy months for bird watchers. Migratory and native birds call Washington County “home,” whether it’s for the winter or they’re just visiting on their southern voyage. Celebrate National Wildlife Refuge Week, October 13-19 at the Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge and discover the importance the national refuge system is to this ecosystem. Discover Washington County’s wildlife preserves and nature parks >>>

4. Wine Harvest Season Brings Signature Tasting Events
Celebrate the splendor of Oregon wine at two of the region’s biggest wine events, which happen annually in the fall. The North Willamette Harvest Trail and Grand Tasting is a full-day guided bus tour to three wineries featuring hands-on experiences,vineyard exploration, a wine country lunch, and wine tastings, culminating in a grand tasting of wines from North Willamette wineries. The valley-wide Thanksgiving Wine Weekend is a celebration of the completion of harvest and a time when several wineries open their newest vintages of Pinot Noir, some of which have been resting for nearly two years in the bottle.

5.Experience Tree-to-Tree Adventures at Sunset
Enjoy the crisp temperatures and spectacular colors of the season at Tree to Tree Adventure Park, an aerial ropes course with six challenging courses and zip-line park, all rolled into one. These are the final months to enjoy this fun and exciting attraction until it closes for the season in November.

Plan your own Oregon’s Washington County autumn getaway. Read this great digital visitor guide for ideas and inspiration and use the Trip Planner to create a customized itinerary.


source: http://www.smarterlifestyles.com/2013/09/12/five-cool-reasons-to-visit-oregons-washington-county-this-fall/

Direct & Indirect Speech